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AI-Powered Learning: My Adventure with TutorAI
16
October
2023
Solar powered vehicles
17
October
2019
At the moment of writing this blogpost the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge is taking place. Which is an excellent time to take a look at solar powered vehicles which might be the next step in the car industry.
Currently it is impossible to develop a solar powered car that is competitive enough to compete with regular/electric cars. These solar powered cars are incredibly expensive, small, light and can only reach a speed of around 100 km/h. Also are current solar panels are not efficient enough, which makes them completely dependable on sunny weather (Wired, 2018). But as the demand for electric cars keeps increasing the question arises ‘Can they charge themselves in the future through solar panels?’.
Therefore we need to have an closer look into the solar panels of today. Currently the average solar panel on the roof of a house only converts 15-20% of the light that falls on them into electricity (Wired, 2018). Thus, current solar panels are basically not efficient at al even though they are already profitable. Henrik Fisker, a concurrent of Tesla, tried to make a regular car with these solar panels on it. This resulted in a car which generated around 200 watts of electricity per hour (Wired, 2018). Too bad electric vehicles need around 60 kilowatts per hour. Which results in the Fisker only being able to drive one kilometre after eight hours of charging. Concluding, we are nowhere close to having fully solar powered cars.
Well time to give up then? NO, currently there are solar panels being produced which have an efficiency of at least 45% (Wired, 2018) and it is just a matter of time before this becomes 80-100% (Wired, 2018). As a result, electric vehicles can become less depended on being plugged-in. Even though the complexity might outweigh the benefits I believe it is a neat step in the right direction.
Source:
https://www.wired.com/story/solar-power-electric-cars/
Professors! Get online or get out!
16
October
2019
As a BIM master student, I was quite surprised when I heard that none of the courses were recorded and therefore available online. Everyone I ever spoke about it was enthusiastic about recorded lectures. Maybe all of my friends are just lazy students (like me), who prefer to stay in bed rather than going to a 9 am lecture, but I genuinly think it offers more convenience than it has disadvantages. Me wondering this was the main reason for me to write on this subject.
MOOC stands for Massive Open Online Courses, and are (often free) courses that are available to the public through online lectures and assignments (EdX, 2019). It provides great advantages as you can enroll from anywhere around the world, as long as you have access to a decent internet connection.
First of all, and maybe the most obvious advantage of MOOC’s, it that the internet knows no borders. Of course we all know the Great Chinese Firewall, but someone from South-Korea is able to enter a website from a Colombian local bee farm. Therefore, people from more abandoned areas, like sub-Saharan Africa are able to enter these courses as long as there is a decent internet connection and a streaming device. According to UNESCO (2016), sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of education exclusion in the world. Almost 60% of all youth between 15 and 17 there are not in school. Yes, they still require a streaming device, but a phone screen is in theory enough, and video projectors can be installed in classrooms.
This brings us to another advantage of MOOC’s, there is (in theory) no maximum student capacity. As it is a digital product, it can in theory be copied infinitely without reducing in quality. This means an enormous amount of people could follow the course of a single professor. This seems like a situation that only has benefits, but there are some risks. If a single professor is enough to educate a massive group of people, then I foresee a decrease of the need for professors. This may lead to many professors losing their job, and having to seek other ways to earn a living.
MOOC’s being a digital good also brings a major risk, the risk of the course content being copied and spread without consent and compensation. Screens can be recorded and assignments being copied. Websites like The PirateBay that provide a lot of illegal content are nowadays still available, whether it is through a proxy server or not). A solution must be sought to prevent piracy, because a single pirate is enough to create a lot of damage.
Another advantage of MOOC’s is that it provides an opportunity to gather data about its students. It can be tracked how much and when students spend time on the website, and which classes and courses are more and less attractive. Students may be able to provide a rating and a comment after every course. A risk of having too many students enrolled, is that a single professor may not be able to answer all questions or analyze feedback. This proves that a MOOC is not simply a professor with a webcam, but really requires a well-structured team or organization.
I would advise professors and universities to brainstorm about threats and opportunities in the increasingly digitized society. I believe that it’s very important not to miss the boat and to exploit first-mover advantages. Otherwise, you will remain the incumbent, while others become the disruptors.
References
EdX. (2019). mooc.org. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from http://mooc.org/.
UNESCO. (2016). Education in Africa. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/education-africa.
The Threat of Deepfakes
12
October
2019
Last summer an app called DeepNude caused a lot of controversy in the (social) media. Deepnude was an AI based piece of software with the ability to create a very realistic nude pictures of any uploaded face in the app. Mass criticism followed, the app’s servers got overloaded by curious people and not much later, the app went offline permanently. Deepnude stated on twitter that the probability is misuse was too high and that the world “was not ready yet”. The app never came back online ever since (Deepnude Twitter, 2019). It shows that deepfake technology is becoming available to the public sooner than we thought, including all potential risks.
A definition for DeepFake is “AI-based technology used to produce or alter video content so that it presents something that didn’t, in fact, occur” (Rouse, 2019). As deepfake is AI-based technology it is able to improve over time, as the amount of data input increases and the technology learns to how to create better output. In my opinion deepfake has an amazing potential in the entertainment industry, but there is a serious risk when the technology gets misused. The AI technology makes it harder and harder for humans to distinguish real videos from fake ones. Deepfake videos of world-leaders like Trump and Putin are already to be found on the internet. Also deepfake porn videos of celebrities are being discovered once in a while.
With the upcoming presidential elections of 2020 in the United States, politicians and and many others are seeking solutions to prevent a similar scenario like the 2017 elections. The 2017 presidential elections were characterized by the spread of fake news and the ongoing allegations resulting from it. These events very likely influenced the outcome of those elections (CNN, 2019). Recently the state of California passed a law which “criminalizes the creation and distribution of video content (as well as still images and audio) that are faked to pass off as genuine footage of politicians. (Winder, 2019).” In 2020 we’ll find out whether deepfakes have been restricted succesfully.
I hope developers and users of deepfake technology will become aware of the huge threats of deepfake, and will use it in a responsible way. It is also important for society to stay critical at their news sources and that they prevent supporting these types of technology misuse. According to Wired (Knight, 2019), Google has released thousands of deepfake videos to be used as AI input to detect other deepfake videos. Another company called Deeptrace is using deep learning and AI in order to detect and monitor deepfake videos (Deeptrace, sd).
See you in 2020…
References
CNN. (2019). 2016 Presidential Election Investigation Fast Facts. Retrieved from CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/12/us/2016-presidential-election-investigation-fast-facts/index.html
Deepnude Twitter. (2019). deepnudeapp Twitter. Retrieved from Twitter: https://twitter.com/deepnudeapp
Deeptrace. (n.d.). About Deeptrace. Retrieved from Deeptrace: https://deeptracelabs.com/about/
Knight, W. (2019). Even the AI Behind Deepfakes Can’t Save Us From Being Duped. Retrieved from Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/ai-deepfakes-cant-save-us-duped/
Rouse, M. (2019). What is deepfake (deep fake AI). Retrieved from TechTarget: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/deepfake
Winder, D. (2019). Forget Fake News, Deepfake Videos Are Really All About Non-Consensual Porn. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/daveywinder/2019/10/08/forget-2020-election-fake-news-deepfake-videos-are-all-about-the-porn/#26a929963f99
What can we learn from laagam? The digital-native sisterhood turning Instagram likes into €1M sales
29
September
2019
Within its first three years of existence, the Spanish digital-native fashion brand laagam has managed to reach €1M revenues in sales. But that’s not all: the company started by the 24-year-old Business graduate and influencer, Inés Arroyo, is inspiring thousands of women and is changing the way fashion is made and sold.
The values behind laagam are visible in their products: versatility and quality, guided by their slogan “Buy better, wear more”, they create affordable luxury pieces for millennial women to wear at all times. What isn’t that obvious in their products is the business model behind laagam, which is the driver of the brand’s triumph and is proving that innovation is not a nice-to-have anymore, but a must. So, what are laagam’s keys to success?
1. Zero-stock shops
Laagam’s “guide shops” are not like the kind of shops we are used to. Situated in Barcelona and Madrid, they are only open four times a week and they do not have any stock. How does this work? They act as showrooms, in which customers can see the different pieces, try them on and be advised by the stylist in store. Once they’ve decided what pieces they want (if any), an order is placed and sent to their address within 48h. This fused online and offline shopping experience enables direct contact with customers, improving their shopping experience and allowing for feedback gathering, as well as nulling the costs of stock characteristic of offline stores.
2. Knowing their customers and what they want
One thing it’s clear, and becoming more apparent as time goes by: know your customers or you are dead. In the social-media driven world that the fashion industry is turning into, laagam is leveraging its 74k followers on Instagram to not only know who their customers are, but what it is exactly that they want. It is common to see polls on the brand’s social media accounts asking for their followers’ opinion on the new designs, while their being created. Colours, pockets, patterns, length and other product features: laagam gathers this information and creates their products ensuring that they match their customers’ preferences and taste.
3. Pricing options
To reach all their different customer laagam offers different pricing options and products. From the laagam box, a subscription-based programme in which customers receive some of the latest products monthly for €45; to the sisterhood card, a loyalty card giving holders a balance to spend on their products up to €500 higher than what they initially paid. The digital-native company offers different options suited for different options, and ensures a healthy cash-flow to produce their newest products.
4. Crowdfunding
Kickstarter was laagam’s choice to fund the 4-in-1 fashion bag, and it was a great success.
“We thought of raising €5,000 to kick-off, we already have €21,000 and we still have two weeks of campaign left”, said creative director Inés Arroyo in an interview for La Vanguardia. By selling the bags before they were actually produced, the firm could pay for the whole production without any external funds while only making the amount of pieces that were wanted, avoiding expensive surplus.
5. The sisterhood
Laagam is more than just a brand, it has become a community. “Inspiring girls to take the world by storm” is their motto, and one can breathe that scent in each one of their actions. Instagram posts with inspiring messages, their podcast series Ruido dazz interviewing inspirational and independent women from different backgrounds; events such as Yoga lessons and brunches at the terrace of their guide shop and their latest Valentine’s day campaign “Send love”. Last February, the brand invited all its followers to write sorority messages that were then turned into a book. The idea behind such book? To promote a positive view of female online platforms, against the increased insecurities developed from Instagram’s boom.
The fashion industry is imminently changing, only those that innovate and adapt will remain, and Laagam seems to be having a successful approach to fight the storm. What can we learn from the young Spanish company? Find new ways of reducing costs, like stock costs; increase cash flows through different pricing options and crowdfunding strategies; listen to your customers and treat them as more than just that.
References:
Blog Empresas. (2018). Laagam, el negocio de la influencer Inés Arroyo | MÁSMÓVIL Empresas. [online] Available at: https://blogempresas.masmovil.es/laagam/ [Accessed 29 Sep. 2019].
Jover, A. (2019). De influencer a emprendedora: Así es Laagam, el negocio de Inés Arroyo. [online] La Vanguardia. Available at: https://www.lavanguardia.com/de-moda/moda/20181018/452404630223/ines-arroyo-firma-laagam.html [Accessed 29 Sep. 2019].
Kickstarter. (2019). laagam – The fashion bag for any occasion. [online] Available at: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/laagam/laagam-the-only-fashion-bag-you-need [Accessed 29 Sep. 2019].
laagam. (2019). Buy better, wear more | laagam. [online] Available at: https://laagam.com [Accessed 29 Sep. 2019].
Pinuaga, P. (2018). Laagam, la start up fashion que supera los 600.000 euros de facturación. [online] Fashionunited.es. Available at: https://fashionunited.es/noticias/retail/laagam-la-start-up-fashion-que-supera-los-600-000-euros-de-facturacion/2018110728767 [Accessed 29 Sep. 2019].
Ponce, J. (2018). Laagam, una startup con stock cero – Marketing y Servicios. [online] Marketing y Servicios. Available at: http://marketingyservicios.com/laagam-una-startup-de-stock-cero/ [Accessed 29 Sep. 2019].
Technology of the Week – How crowdfunding platforms bypassed financial intermediaries [Group 41]
6
October
2017
![Technology of the Week – How crowdfunding platforms bypassed financial intermediaries [Group 41]](https://digitalstrategy.rsm.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/crowdfunding1-1200x539.jpg)
Traditionally seen, the financing industry has always played a vital intermediary role in the world economy, by moving funds from entities with money to invest, to those who have a clever idea and need money to develop it into a business. (Zachary, G., 2010)
The rise of the internet brought major benefits in the financial market, by bringing together demand and supply. This led to the development of Platform Mediated Networks. Platform mediated networks ties two distinct groups of users together in a network. The value of a two-sided market increases as the number of users increases, which can be referred to as a “network effect”. A rise in a platform’s network effect will increase the willingness-to-participate of existing and prospective users, which will subsequently lead to more users and in turn a higher value of the network. (Eisenmann et al., 2006) This phenomenon brought new opportunities to the centuries old dynamic of the financing industry to be seized, which resulted in the global rise of crowdfunding in 2009. (Kolakowski, M., 2017).
The basic principle of crowdfunding can be seen as: a little money, times, a lot of people who like the idea (the crowd). With the use of a platform, entrepreneurs can directly access thousands or even millions of potential investors. (Mollick, E., 2014)
As a result, the ‘demand side’ is not dependent on a limited number of investors anymore. The entrepreneur basically does not need to get his investment via conservative intermediaries. With this, the bargaining power of such intermediaries has decreased significantly as they are bypassed in the process of crowdfunding. On the other side of the spectrum, these platforms allow individuals to invest in the ideas they like. This will also attract more people to present their business ideas on a shared platform. A scholarly example of the generation of a positive cross-side network effect. (Eisenmann et al. 2006).
Crowdfunding shifted the financing industry to a more transparent, information rich and participatory private capital market, via the use of easily accessible platforms, open for everyone on earth. Reflecting on recent years, there is a major increase since the introduction in 2009, where crowdfunding has grown from less than 2 billion dollars in 2009 to more than 12 billion dollars in 2015. With an accumulating amount of crowdfunding platforms throughout the years
With the harmed trust of many people in the traditional financial institutions, the full potential of crowdfunding is not reached. Maybe even, it just got started. With the highly promising developments in new technologies such as blockchain, crowdfunding platforms are becoming an even bigger threat to the conventional financing industry. Crowdfunding is the venture capital of the future and everyone on earth will have the opportunity to fulfill his business’ dreams!
References (including references used for video):
Caldbeck, R. (2013) Why Crowdfunding is Disrupting Finance. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryancaldbeck/2013/08/14/why-crowdfunding-is-disrupting-finance/#6bbcf7ce7830. [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017].
Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., & Van Alstyne, M. W. (2006). Strategies for two-sided markets. Harvard business review, 84(10), 92.
Kolakowski, M. (2017) Financial Services Industry Basics. Available at https://www.thebalance.com/the-financial-services-industry-1287307. [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017].
Mollick, E. (2014), The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study, In Journal of Business Venturing, Volume 29, Issue 1, Pages 1-16.
Zachary, G. (2010) A brief history of your investors (and their investors). Available at http://venturehacks.com/articles/history-of-investors. [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]
Technology of the Week | Equity Crowdfunding disrupting Traditional Venture Capital [Group 56]
6
October
2017
![Technology of the Week | Equity Crowdfunding disrupting Traditional Venture Capital [Group 56]](https://digitalstrategy.rsm.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1035-1200x572.jpg)
The Basics
We are all familiar with equity investing. Even crowdfunding is becoming a ubiquitous term with today’s increased digitalization. But “equity crowdfunding” is a relatively new phenomenon creating waves in the investment world. Accredited organizations provide an online platform for a group of individuals (the ‘crowd’) to invest in an early-stage unlisted company, in exchange for shares of that company.
Previously only wealthy individuals, venture capitalists, and business angels could invest in startups. Equity crowdfunding platforms have helped democratize the investment process by opening the door to a larger pool of potential investors contributing lower and more affordable individual amounts.
History
The first known equity-based crowdfunding platform for startups was launched by Grow VC Group in 2010 (Butcher, 2010). Arguably the most important growth driver for equity crowdfunding was the introduction of the JOBS Act in USA in 2012. It was one of the first widespread regulations designed to encourage small business and startup funding by easing federal regulations and allowing individuals to become investors.
The market expanded rapidly as more equity crowdfunding platforms became compliant with regulations. In 2015, the total equity crowdfunding volume worldwide was $2.56 billion, according to the annual Massolution Crowdfunding Industry Report. That number has been roughly doubling each year since 2012.
Pros & Cons
Both entrepreneurs and investors stand to gain from the equity crowdfunding phenomenon. Most importantly, startups that could not raise capital from traditional sources find the opportunity to do so on these platforms. On the other hand, unaccredited investors with low funds can now participate in equity funding.
Another major benefit is that it does not require entrepreneurs to give up a large amount of equity in their company, allowing them to retain significant ownership (Gaynor et al, 2015).
The proliferation of more startups as a result of increased financing also results in an improved economy for the country, higher employment, and more options for consumers.
Although there are numerous benefits that can be experienced by using equity crowdfunding as a method to raise capital, there are also a few drawbacks. The most obvious problem with equity crowdfunding is the lack of a secondary market to buy and sell shares (Gaynor et al, 2015).
Moreover, since investing in business startups via equity crowdfunding is not limited to accredited investors, less sophisticated investors can be taken advantage of due to their lack of knowledge regarding investing, exposing them to fraud and financial losses.
Critics are also concerned with regulatory authorities’ ability to police fraudulent securities offerings made by smaller companies that take the crowdfunding route.
The Future
The most important aspects to make equity crowdfunding a success have to do with investor due diligence and strict regulations. Investors must make sure they carry out enough research on the company they are interested in before investing, and regulatory authorities have the responsibility of ensuring laws protect investors from fraud.
Equity crowdfunding has the potential to completely disrupt the investment industry along with other forms of crowdfunding, as long as its growth is carefully tracked and managed.
In order to learn more about equity crowdfunding, please check out the video below.
References
- Butcher, M. (2010, Feb 15). Grow VC launches, aiming to become the Kiva for tech startups. TechCrunch: https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/15/grow-vc-launches-aiming-to-become-the-kiva-for-tech-startups/
- Gaynor, G.Morse, J. and Pevzner, M. (2015, Oct 1). The Crowd-Funding Effect – 34-39
Is Tesla finally getting serious competition?
24
October
2016
For years we are talking about the ‘real’ breakthrough of electric vehicles. However, the large and established car manufacturers are far behind Tesla Motors since the introduction of their Model S in 2009 and Tesla has new, even better models that are on their way.
The Paris Motor Show, that took place from the 1st till the 16th of October this year, showed us that a transition in the automotive industry is happening and competition for Tesla is getting bigger and more serious with every new model being introduced to the market.
Paris Motor Show has finished, and most of the new vehicles and concepts introduced by the biggest automotive players were hybrid or full electric. Volkswagen, Opel and Mercedes showed they are seriously working towards manufacturing electric cars that can drive >300km with a full charge, which now is only possible with a Tesla Model S.
Volkswagen was recently involved in the large emission scandal that shocked the world. Now, it’s time to clean up their act. ‘Our future is electric’ says Herbert Dies, the CEO of Volkswagen Passenger Cars. Volkswagen introduced the Volkswagen I.D., a concept car that is in the same class as the popular Volkswagen Golf. The I.D. has a range of 400 to 600 kilometers dependent on what battery the buyer chooses, but the launch date is set to 2020.
Mercedes showcased the Mercedes Generation EQ, a concept car that will not be produced, but it does show that Mercedes is capable of manufacturing batteries that can make cars drive a range of 500 kilometers.
Unlike Volkswagen and Mercedes, Opel did not showcase a concept car. Opel showcased the Ampera-e, a European version of the Chevrolet Bolt. With a range of 500 kilometers on a single charge, the Ampera-e is one of the best electric vehicles yet to date. Also, the Ampera-e makes use of regenerative technology that Tesla cars also use. This is a technology that makes it possible to regenerate energy while running.
Looking at the cars and concepts presented at the Paris Motor show, we can conclude that big automotive players are serious about electric vehicles and that electric vehicles are the future. Tesla did not have serious competition until now but it seems like the time has come to face serious competition. We will have to wait to see how big automotive players will attack the well-established position of Tesla in the electric vehicle industry.
The future of crowdfunding
24
October
2016
Normally, organizations that needed capital for their investments were obligated to borrow money from the bank but new forms of financing are evolving. One of them is crowdfunding. Crowdfunding can be either a complement or a substitute for the traditional ways of financing. Is crowdfunding the future for organizations?
Crowdfunding is getting a lot of press lately. Crowdfunding is becoming an increasingly powerful and popular way for organizations to raise money. By signing up on a crowdfunding platform organizations and ‘the crowd’ are able to get in touch and the organization is able to raise money. This way of financing means that the crowd makes money available in exchange for a compensation such as interest, stocks or a discount on the developed product. The growth of the popularity for crowdfunding is especially related to the growth of social media in the previous decade. It is for organizations nowadays very easy to interact with the crowd trough social media. The mass is becoming increasingly important.
The increasing popularity for crowdfunding also has a disadvantage, especially for the banks. Taking loans at the bank will decrease more and more by the evolution of crowdfunding. This way of financing is for organizations more attractive because they can interact with the crowd, whom are also their possible customers. This way of interaction with the crowd can be beneficial for the organization. It is also possible to gather information about these investors.
By focusing on the growing popularity there are 2 obvious developments in the crowdfunding process. Crowdfunding is not equally distributed over the world. Crowdfunding is especially growing in the United States, Asia and Europe but South America, Africa and parts of Asia are staying behind in this development (Massolution, 2013). The market in Asia is becoming increasingly popular, especially in the countries Japan and Singapore. Crowdfunding has grown in 2014 with 320% (Dealindex, 2015). The main reason for this phenomenon is that Asia is on average lower developed than Europe and America.
Although the phenomenon crowdfunding is not very familiar in the whole world, I do think that crowdfunding future is very promising. I do believe that crowdfunding will become a strong way to finance the investments for organizations and will keep on growing. With the growth of social media and Internet technology it will become more easy to get in touch with the crowd. The use of crowdfunding also has some advantages for organization. Customer involvement is the biggest advantage for the organizations.
All combined, I believe that crowdfunding will keep developing, the popularity will increase more and more and crowdfunding will take an important spot in the financial world.
References:
Manaktala, N. (2015) Democratising Finance, Dealindex publication
Massolution. (2013). 2015CF Industry Report
GoTenna: Connecting People
20
October
2016
At any given moment in time, there are probably millions of campaigns crowd funding on the web. I went through a few crowd-funding sides just like Kickstarter and Indiegogo and next to a lot of useless and weird gadgets, I was intrigued by one project called “goTenna”.
goTenna is a mobile long-range mesh network device that pairs itself with your phone via Bluetooth and enables you to communicate even when you don’t have any phone service. The technology does not rely on external infrastructure like Wi-Fi networks and cell towers, routers or satellites.
With their app it is possible to chat privately with another person or a group of people broadcast your message to anyone in range. Furthermore, it allows you to send text messages or GPS coordinates on offline maps to others.
The device is powered by networking protocols, which intelligently relays messages through other users. This means there are positive same side network effects in this case as more people use the device in your area, the more people you can reach in terms of users and in terms of distance as the messages are relayed through other people’s devices. So it is possible to double or triple any device’s effective range and create a network that gets stronger the more people join. Kickstarter collected about 480 thousand dollars so far and it is possible to order 2 devices for 149$.
I think this technology does not only enable off-track outdoor travelers or over-crowded places but is also helpful during emergency situations, where it allows for critical communications with friends and family as well as others nearby even when the power is out and cell towers are down.
The whole subject made me think of various questions. Could this device also revolutionize the messaging market? If people use the device for crowded spaces, events and emergencies, would they use the messenger tool on a daily basis? goTenna repeatedly talks about their privacy and security, which is a huge issue for people using Whatsapp. Can the cost of investing in the device plus building a network outweigh privacy concerns and actually create competition? And is it even possible to recreate a network such as Whatsapp or Facebook Messanger or will this device only cater a niche of outdoor travelers?
What do you think?
Source:
goTenna Team. 2016. goTenna Mesh off Grid People Powered Connectivity. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/gotenna/gotenna-mesh-off-grid-people-powered-connectivity/description. [Accessed 20 October 2016].
